Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care
Volume 20, Issue 4 , Pages 249-259 , July 2009

Coming to Terms With a Diagnosis of HIV in Iran: A Phenomenological Study

References 

  1. Cao X, Sullivan SG, Xu J, Wu Z. Understanding HIV-related stigma and discrimination in a “blameless” population. AIDS Education and Prevention. 2006;18:518–528
  2. Chou FY, Holzemer WL, Portillo CJ, Slaughter R. Self-care strategies and sources of information for HIV/AIDS symptoms management. Nursing Research. 2004;53:332–339
  3. Coleman CL. The contribution of religious and existential well-being to depression among African American heterosexuals with HIV infection. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2004;25:103–110
  4. Creswell JW. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1998;
  5. Diekelmann N, Allen D, Tanner C. The National League for Nursing criteria for appraisal of baccalaureate programs: A critical hermeneutic analysis. New York: NLN Press; 1989;
  6. Duffy L. Suffering, shame, and silence: The stigma of HIV/AIDS. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2005;16:13–20
  7. Evian C. AIDS in the workplace in Southern Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: Goldfields Press; 2000;
  8. Fabiani M, Cawthorne A, Nattabi B, Ayella EO, Ogwang M, Declich S. Investigating factors associated with uptake of HIV voluntary counseling and testing among pregnant women living in North Uganda. AIDS Care. 2007;19:733–739
  9. Gaskins SW. Disclosure decisions of rural African American men living with HIV disease. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2006;17:38–46
  10. Giorgi A. The phenomenological movement and research in the human sciences. Nursing Science Quarterly. 2005;18:75–82
  11. Grbich C. Qualitative data analysis. London: Sage; 2007;
  12. Greeff M, Phetlhu R, Makoae LN, Dlamini PS, Holzemer W, Naidoo JR, et al. Disclosure of HIV status: Experiences and perceptions of persons living with HIV/AIDS and nurses involved in their care in Africa. Qualitative Health Research. 2008;18:311–324
  13. Holroyd AEM. Interpretive hermeneutic phenomenology: Clarifying understanding. Indo-Pacific Journal. 2007;7:1–12
  14. Kawichai S, Nelson KE, Natpratan C, Celentano DD, Khamboonruang C, Natpratan P, et al. Personal history of voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) among adults aged 19-35 years living in peri-urban communities, Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand. AIDS and Behavior. 2005;9:233–242
  15. Keesee MG, Ahmad AS, Nelson W, Barney DD, Duran B. An application of Borrayo's Cultural Health Belief Model to HIV/AIDS-seropositive Hispanics living along the U.S./Mexico border. Journal of HIV/AIDS and Social Services. 2004;3:9–34
  16. Kemppainen JK, Eller LS, Bunch E, Hamilton MJ, Dole P, Holzemer W, et al. Strategies for self-management of HIV-related anxiety. AIDS Care. 2006;18:597–607
  17. Kerr T, Palepu A, Barnes G, Walsh J, Hogg R, Montaner J, et al. Psychosocial determinants of adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy among injection drug users in Vancouver. Antiviral Therapy. 2004;9:407–414
  18. Krawczyk CS, Funkhouser E, Kilby JM, Kaslow RA, Bey AK, Vermund SH. Factors associated with delayed initiation of HIV medical care among infected persons attending a southern HIV/AIDS clinic. Southern Medical Journal. 2006;99:472–481
  19. Lorenzo T. AIDS in South Africa and on the African continent. Pretoria, South Africa: Kagiso Trust; 1997;
  20. Mayfield AE, Rice E, Flannery D, Rotheram-Borus MJ. HIV disclosure among adults living with HIV. AIDS Care. 2008;20:80–92
  21. McCormick DP, Holder B, Wetsel MA, Cawthon TW. Spirituality and HIV disease: An integrated perspective. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2001;12:58–65
  22. McMillan JH, Schumacher S. Research in education. New York: Addison-Wesley; 2001;
  23. Ministry of Health and Medical Education Iran . Islamic Republic of Country Report. Tehran, Iran: Centre for Disease Management; 2006;
  24. Myer L, Smit J, Roux LL, Parker S, Stein DJ, Seedat S. Common mental disorders among HIV-infected individuals in South Africa: Prevalence, predictors, and validation of brief psychiatric rating scales. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2008;22:147–158
  25. Naidoo JR, Uys LR, Greeff M, Holzemer WL, Makoae L, Dlamini P, et al. Urban and rural differences in HIV/AIDS stigma in five African countries. African Journal of AIDS Research. 2007;6:17–23
  26. Nelkin D, Tancredi L. Dangerous diagnostics: The social power of biological information. New York: Basic Books; 1989;
  27. Ntombela A. Attitudes and issues towards HIV/AIDS. Cape Town, South Africa: Vaal Vision Press; 2002;
  28. Office of the Deputy for Social Affairs & United Nations Country Team in Iran . The First Millennium Development Goals Report 2004: Achievements and challenges. Tehran, Iran: Office of the Deputy for Social Affairs. 2004;
  29. Parvizy S, Nikbakht A, Pournaghsh TS, Shahrokhi S. Adolescent perspective on addiction: Qualitative study. Nursing and Health Sciences. 2005;7:192–198
  30. Patton MQ. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. 3rd ed.. London: Sage; 2002;
  31. Petros G, Airhihenbuwa CO, Simbayi L, Ramlagan S, Brown B. HIV/AIDS and ‘othering’ in South Africa: The blame goes on. Culture, Health, and Sexuality. 2006;8:67–77
  32. Polit DF, Beck CT. Nursing research: Principle and methods. 7th ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004;
  33. Polit DF, Hungler PB. Nursing research: Principles and methods. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; 1995;
  34. Preau M, Bouhnik AD, Roussiau N, Lert F, Spire B. Disclosure and religion among people living with HIV/AIDS in France. AIDS Care. 2008;20:521–526
  35. Ransom JE, Siler B, Peters RM, Maurer MJ. Worry: Women's experience of HIV testing. Qualitative Health Research. 2005;15:382–393
  36. Samet JH, Freedberg KA, Savetsky JB, Sullivan LM, Stein MD. Understanding delay to medical care for HIV infection: The long-term non-presenter. AIDS. 2001;15:77–85
  37. Sayles JN, Ryan GW, Silver JS, Sarkisian CA, Cunningham WE. Experiences of social stigma and implications for healthcare among a diverse population of HIV positive adults. Journal of Urban Health. 2007;84(6):814–828
  38. Schwarcz S, Hsu L, Dilley JW, Loeb L, Nelson K, Boyd S. Late diagnosis of HIV infection: Trends, prevalence, and characteristics of persons whose HIV diagnosis occurred within 12 months of developing AIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2006;43:491–494
  39. Seegers DL. Spiritual and religious experiences of gay men with HIV illness. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2007;18:5–12
  40. Serovich JM, Mosack KE. Reasons for HIV disclosure or non disclosure to casual sexual partner. AIDS Education and Prevention. 2003;15:70–80
  41. Skinner D, Mfecane S. Stigma, discrimination and the implications for living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS. 2004;3:157–164
  42. Smeltzer SC, Bare BG, Hinkle JL, Cheever KH. Medical surgical nursing. 11th ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007;
  43. Streubert J, Carpenter DR. Qualitative research in nursing. 3rd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2003;
  44. Tarling M, Crofts A. The essential researcher's handbook for nurses and health care professionals. London: Bailliere Tindall; 2002;
  45. Torian LV, Wiewel EW, Liu K, Sackoff JE, Thomas R, Frieden TR. Risk factors for delayed initiation of medical care after diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2008;168:1181–1187
  46. Torrne EA, Thomas JC, Leone PA, Hightow-Wedman LB. Late diagnosis of HIV in young men in North Carolina. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2007;34:846–848
  47. Tuck I, McCain NL, Elswick RK. Spirituality and psychological factors in persons living with HIV. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2001;33:776–783
  48. Van Dyk AC. HIV/AIDS care and counseling: A multidisciplinary approach. Cape Town, South Africa: Maskew Miller Longman; 2001;
  49. Van Dyk AC, Van Dyk PJ. “What is the point of knowing”: Psychosocial barriers to HIV/AIDS voluntary counseling programmes in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology. 2003;33:118–125
  50. Van Manen M. Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. 2nd ed.. Ontario, Canada: The University of Western Ontario; 2006;
  51. Welman JC, Kruger SJ. Research methodology for the business and administrative sciences. 2nd ed.. Cape Town, South Africa: Oxford University Press; 2001;
  52. Wojnar DM, Swanson KM. Phenomenology: An exploration. Journal of Holistic Nursing. 2007;25:172–180
  53. World Health Organization & Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS . AIDS epidemic update. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS; 2007;
  54. Yi MS, Mrus JM, Wade TJ, Ho ML, Hornung RW, Cotton S, et al. Religion, spirituality, and depressive symptoms in patients with HIV/AIDS. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2006;21(Suppl. 5):S21–S27
  55. Zhou YR. ‘‘If you get AIDS…you have to endure it alone'’: Understanding the social constructions of HIV/AIDS in China. Social Science & Medicine. 2007;65:284–295

PII: S1055-3290(09)00073-9

doi: 10.1016/j.jana.2009.03.003

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care
Volume 20, Issue 4 , Pages 249-259 , July 2009