Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care
Volume 17, Issue 1 , Pages 7-17 , January 2006

The Nurse Practitioner’s Role in Managing Dyslipidemia and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in HIV-Infected Patients: Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy

References 

  1. Allen JK , Blumenthal RS , Margolis S , Young DR , Miller ER , Kelly K . Nurse case management of hypercholesterolemia in patients with coronary heart disease. Results of a randomized clinical trial . American Heart Journal . 2002;144(4):678–686
  2. Balasubramanyam A , Sekhar RV , Jahoor F , Jones PH , Pownall HJ . Pathophysiology of dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular risk in HIV lipodystrophy (A model of “systemic steatosis.”) . Current Opinion in Lipidology . 2004;15(1):59–67
  3. Barlett JG  AIDS Clinical Trials Group Infectious Disease Society of America, & AIDS Clinical Trials Group . New guidelines for management of dyslipidemia from IDSA and the ACTG . The Hopkins HIV Report . 2004;16(1):1–4
  4. Berra K . Treatment options for patients with the metabolic syndrome . Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners . 2003;15(8):361–370
  5. Bonora E , Kiechl S , Willeit J , Oberhollenzer F , Egger G , Bonadonna R , et al.   Carotid atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in the metabolic syndrome (Prospective data from the Bruneck study) . Diabetes Care . 2003;26(4):1251–1257
  6. Bucher HC , Kofler A , Nüesch R , Young J , Battegay M , Opravil M . Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of simplified versus continued protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients . AIDS . 2003;17(17):2451–2459
  7. Carr A . HIV lipodystrophy (Risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management) . AIDS . 2003;17(Suppl. 1):S141–S148
  8. Clumeck N , Goebel F , Rozenbaum W , Gerstoft J , Staszewski S , Montaner J , et al.  CNA30017 Study Team   Simplification with abacavir-based triple nucleoside therapy versus continued protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients with undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA . AIDS . 2001;15(12):1517–1526
  9. Currier JS , Taylor A , Boyd F , Denzi CM , Kawabata H , Burtcel B , et al.   Coronary heart disease in HIV-infected individuals . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes . 2003;33(4):506–512
  10. Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (DAD) Study Group . Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction . New England Journal of Medicine . 2003;349(21):1993–2003
  11. Depairon M , Chessex S , Sudre P , Rondoli N , Doser N , Chave J , et al.  Swiss HIV Cohort Study   Premature atherosclerosis in HIV-infected individuals—Focus on protease inhibitor therapy . AIDS . 2001;15(3):329–334
  12. Domingo P , Labarga P , Palacios R , Guerro MF , Terron JA , Elias MJ , et al.   Improvement of dyslipidemia in patients switching from stavudine to tenofovir (Preliminary results) . AIDS . 2004;18(10):1475–1478
  13. Dubé MP , Stein JH , Aberg JA , Fichtenbaum CJ , Gerber JG , Tashima KT , et al.  Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group Cardiovascular Subcommittee   Guidelines for the evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy (Recommendations of the HIV Medical Association of the Infectious Disease Society of America and the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group) . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 2003;37(5):613–627
  14. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults . Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) . JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association) . 2001;285(19):2486–2497
  15. Fisac C , Fumero E , Crespo M . Metabolic and body composition changes in patients switching from a PI-containing regimen to abacavir (ABC), efavirenz (EFV) or nevirapine (NVP) (12 month results of a randomized study (Lipnefa) (Poster ThPe7354).) . 2002; July). Poster presented at the XIV International AIDS Conference, Barcelona, Spain.
  16. Fisac C , Fumero E , Crespo M , Roson B , Virgili N , Ribera E , et al.   Metabolic changes in patients switching from a protease inhibitor-containing regimen to abacavir, efavirenz or nevirapine (24-month results of a randomized study (Abstract 78).) . 2004; (, February). Presented at the 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco.
  17. Fontas E , Fontas F , van Leth CA , Sabin N , Friis-Møller M , et al.  D:A:D Study Group   Lipid profiles in HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (Are different antiretroviral drugs associated with different lipid profiles?) . Journal of Infectious Diseases . 2004;189(6):1056–1074
  18. Friis-Møller N , Weber R , Reiss P , Thiebaut R , Kirk O , Monforte A , et al.  D:A:D Study Group   Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV patients—Association with antiretroviral therapy. Results from the DAD study . AIDS . 2003;17(8):1179–1193
  19. Galli M , Ridolfo AL , Adorni F, Gervasoni C, Ravasio L, Corsico L , et al.   Body habitus changes and metabolic alterations in protease inhibitor–naive HIV-1–infected patients treated with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes . 2002;29(1):21–31
  20. Green ML . Evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in patients with HIV infection . Journal of General Internal Medicine . 2002;17(10):797–810
  21. Grover S , Coupal L , Gilmore H , Mukherjee J . Impact of dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on cardiovascular risk and life expectancy . The American Journal of Cardiology . 2005;95(5):586–591
  22. Grundy SM , Cleeman JI , Merz CN , Brewer HB , Clark LT , Hunninghake DB , et al.  Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program   Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines . Circulation . 2004;110(2):227–239
  23. Heath KV , Hogg RS , Chan KJ , Harris M , Montessori V , O’Shaughnessy MV , et al.   Lipodystrophy-associated morphological, cholesterol and triglyceride abnormalities in a population-based HIV/AIDS treatment database . AIDS . 2001;15(2):231–239
  24. Hu G , Qiao Q , Tuomilehto J , Balkau B , Borch-Johnsen K , Pyorala K  DECODE Study Group . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in nondiabetic European men and women. . Archives of Internal Medicine . 2004;164(10):1066–1076
  25. Katlama C , Fenske S , Gazzard B, Lazzarin A, Clumeck N, Mallolas J , et al.  AZL30002 European Study Team   TRIZAL study: Switching from successful ART to Trizivir™ (abacavir-lamivudine-zidovudine combination tablet): 48 weeks efficacy, safety and adherence results . HIV Medicine . 2003;4(2):79–86
  26. Koutkia P , Grinspoon S . HIV-associated lipodystrophy (Pathogenesis, prognosis, treatment, and controversies) . Annual Review of Medicine . 2004;55:303–317
  27. Kumar P , Rodriguez-French A , Thompson M , Tashima K , Williams V , Wannamaker P , et al.   Prospective study of hyperlipidemia in ART-naïve subjects taking Combivir/abacavir (COM/ABC), COM/nelfinavir (NFV), or stavudine (d4T)/lamivudine (3TC)/NFV (ESS40002) (Abstract 33). . 2002; (, February). Presented at the 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle.
  28. Lakka HM , Laaksonen DE , Lakka TA , Niskanen L, Kumpusalo E, Tuomilehto J , et al.   The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men . JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association.) . 2002;288(21):2709–2716
  29. Lemieux I , Lamarche B , Couillard C , Pascot A, Cantin B, Bergeron J , et al.   Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio vs LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio as indices of ischemic heart disease risk in men (The Quebec Cardiovascular Study) . Archives of Internal Medicine . 2001;161(22):2685–2692
  30. Maggi P , Serio G , Epifani G , Fiorentino G, Saracino A, Fico C , et al.   Premature lesions of the carotid vessels in HIV-1-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors . AIDS . 2000;14(16):123–128
  31. Mary-Krause M , Cotte L , Simon A , Partisani M , Costagliola D  the Clinical Epidemiology Group from the French Hospital Database . Increased risk of myocardial infarction with duration of protease inhibitor therapy in HIV-infected men . AIDS . 2003;17(17):2479–2486
  32. Martinez E , Arnaiz JA , Podzamczer D , Dalmau D, Ribera E, Domingo P , et al.  Nevirapine, Efavirenz, and Abacavir (NEFA) Study Team   Substitution of nevirapine, efavirenz, or abacavir for protease inhibitors in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection . New England Journal of Medicine . 2003;349(11):1036–1046
  33. Mauss S , Stechel J , Willers R , Schmutz G , Berger F , Richter WO . Differentiating hyperlipidaemia associated with antiretroviral therapy . AIDS . 2003;17(2):189–194
  34. Meng Q , Lima JA , Lai H , Viahov D, Celentano D, Strathdee S , et al.   Coronary artery calcification, atherogenic lipid changes, and increased erythrocyte volume in black injection drug users infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 treated with protease inhibitors . American Heart Journal . 2002;144(4):642–648
  35. Mooser V . Atherosclerosis and HIV in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era (Towards an epidemic of cardiovascular disease?) . AIDS . 2003;17(Suppl. 1):S65–S69
  36. Murphy EL , Collier AC , Kalish LA , Assmann SF , Para MF , Flanigan TP , et al.  Viral Activation Transfusion Study Investigators   Highly active antiretroviral therapy decreases mortality and morbidity in patients with advanced HIV disease . Annals of Internal Medicine . 2001;135(1):17–26
  37. Murphy R , Pokrovskiy V , Rozenbaum W , Wood R , Percival L , Odeshoo L , et al.   Long-term efficacy and safety of atazanavir (ATV) with stavudine (d4T) and lamivudine (3TC) in patients previously treated with nelfinavir (NFV) or ATV (108-week results of BMS study 008/044 (Poster G1-36).) . 2003; (, February). Poster presented at the 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston.
  38. National PBM-MAP . Drug Monograph . Rosuvastatin (Crestor®), November 2003. . 2003;
  39. Negredo E , Ribalta J , Paredes R , Ferre R, Sirera G, Ruiz L , et al.   Reversal of atherogenic lipoprotein profile in HIV-1 infected patients with lipodystrophy after replacing protease inhibitors by nevirapine . AIDS . 2002;16(10):1383–1389
  40. Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV Infection convened by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). (2004). Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Retrieved March 23, 2004, from http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf
  41. Périard D , Telenti A , Sudre P , et al.  Swiss HIV Cohort Study   Atherogenic dyslipidemia in HIV-infected individuals treated with protease inhibitors . Circulation . 1999;100(7):700–705
  42. Seman LJ , DeLuca C , Jenner JL , Cupples LA , McNamara JR , Wilson PWF , et al.   Lipoprotein(a)-cholesterol and coronary heart disease in the Framingham Heart Study . Clinical Chemistry . 1999;45(7):1039–1046
  43. Squires K , Lazzarin A , Gatell JM , Powderly WG, Pokrovskiy V, Delfraissy J , et al.   Comparison of once-daily atazanavir with efavirenz, each in combination with fixed-dose zidovudine and lamivudine, as initial therapy for patients infected with HIV . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes . 2004;36(5):1011–1019
  44. Stein EA . The power of statins (Aggressive lipid lowering) . Clinical Cardiology . 2003;26(4 Suppl. 3): III-25-31
  45. Tashima KT , Bausserman L , Alt EN , Aznar E , Flanigan TP . Lipid changes in patients initiating efavirenz- and indinavir-based antiretroviral regimens . HIV Clinical Trials . 2003;4(1):29–36
  46. Tsiodras S , Mantzoros C , Hammer S , Samore M . Effects of protease inhibitors on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and lipodystrophy (A 5-year cohort study) . Archives of Internal Medicine . 2000;160(13):2050–2056
  47. van der Valk M , Kastelein JJP , Murphy RL , et al.  Atlantic Study Team   Nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected patients results in an anti-atherogenic lipid profile . AIDS . 2001;15(18):2407–2414
  48. van Leth F , Phanuphak P , Ruxrungtham K , Baraldi E, Miller S, Gazzard B , et al.  2NN Study Team   Comparison of first-line antiretroviral therapy with regimens including nevirapine, efavirenz, or both drugs, plus stavudine and lamivudine a randomised open-label trial, the 2NN Study . Lancet. . 2004;363(9417):1253–1263
  49. Wilson PWF , D’Agostino RB , Levy D , Belanger AM , Silbershatz H , Kannel WB . Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories . Circulation . 1998;97(18):1837–1847
  50. Wood R , Phanuphak P , Cahn P , Pokrovskiy V, Rozenbaum W, Pantaleo G , et al.   Long-term efficacy and safety of atazanavir with stavudine and lamivudine in patients previously treated with nelfinavir or atazanavir . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes . 2004;36(2):684–692
  51. The Writing Committee of the D:A:D Study Group. Cardio- and cerebrovascular events in HIV-infected persons. AIDS, 18(13), 1811-1817.

PII: S1055-3290(05)00307-9

doi: 10.1016/j.jana.2005.11.001

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care
Volume 17, Issue 1 , Pages 7-17 , January 2006